Another name for undifferentiated products.

Recognized as being uniform, exchangeable, and a worthwhile substitute. Applies in the economy as cash for cash, corn for corn, and gold for gold. Any commodity to be traded on a commodity exchange must be exchangeable. If two manufactured goods are treated as commodities, they can only compete on price and/or availability. As an example, even if bought at different prices on different dates, shares of a firm are exchangeable.

Simple, aerobic organisms. Neither bacteria nor plant. Most are poisonous to humans. Thrive in low moisture, low pH environments. Genetic material is bound in a membrane. Have no roots or leaves; contain no chlorophyll; feed off dead organic matter. Approximately 70,000 species exist. Principal commercial use is in food manufacture, in alcoholic beverages, and as antibiotics, like penicillin. Examples are mildew, mold, mushrooms, smuts, toadstools, and yeast. Plural of fungus.

Measuring done to find value each unit contributes to profitability. Banking organizations want to know business unit performance.

Financial assets added to a specific account after being taken from another account.

Another name for statement of sources and application of funds.

Excluding property sales, but including real estate depreciation, this is REIT-generated net income. It is a good approximation of cash flow and an even better judge of operations than Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the standard for American public companies, when compared to normal corporate accounting.

Available monies. Or, money-raising charitable accounts. For a company, it is the cash in hand, bank balances, accounts receivable. Also refer to fund.

The actions of seeking money for a noncommercial cause by asking for financial support, such as grants.

The likelihood that higher funding costs will lead to a lack of funds to finance a project, resulting in loss.

Transferring to long-term, fixed-interest debt, like bonds from short-term or floating interest investment vehicles.

As an example, the money needed to pay for group medical care program. Calculating a percentage over existing premium cost for an insured program or an amount charged for anticipated claim loss and other fees, it can be the monies to cover either or both,

Difference in cost versus budget, where cost is larger. The reasons are myriad. An example is the cost of R&D and marketing versus revenue. Additional budget, load, ownership, and shares are all vehicles for getting the monies needed.

Total expense to obtain needed equity monies. Contrast to financing cost, the price of obtaining debt capital.

Arrangement to handle money needs. Any forms and methods apply. Typically, a time-bound payment guarantee of loan plus interest.

One that provides monies.

1. Giving money to satisfy financial need, program, or project. Taken from internal reserves. Contrast “financing’, using external or borrowed money.
2. Incurring monetary obligations and satisfying them by an agency through a grant of authority.
3. An action of avoiding probate by transferring asset ownership of assets to a trust.

A grant, investment, or loan pays for part or all of a project’s cost, given by this entity.

An allocation of funds identified by the need for cash.

Pay out for all future retirement benefit claims for a pension plan are currently available.

Using bonds or loans to raise monies. Sometimes done through issuance of securities such a bonds.

Core, foundational attributes of an entity, be it a person, a company, or a nation. For a company, considered as true measures of a firm’s earnings potential and of the future value of its securities. Financial statements indicate innate, basic strengths. (1) reasons for being better that competition; (2) growing earnings trend; (3) growing sales;(4) percentage of market owned; (5) cash and asset reserves; (6) how good management is are the key attributes.

Loss potential. Various situations and causes contribute to the scenarios comprising this potential. Realized loss may or may not be insurable. Rises from a large number of entities impacted by negative natural or social events. Earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, inflation, unemployment, and war are such events.

Another name for human rights.

Body of knowledge or national constitution have these basic, core, foundational points. Known also as organic law.