Refer to jar. A narrow opening container that is enclosed with a cap to hold contents.

The neck or mouth of a bottle or a point of congestion or blockage, in particular.

A rule to allow companies or firms to allow reasonable access to the competitors.

The lowest point or part: “the bottom of the page”.

An investor who looks for bargains among stocks whose prices have recently dropped dramatically.

The activity of fishing for bottom feeders or researching or investing in securities at what is believed to be the low point of a market after a decline.

The line in a financial statement that shows net income or loss.

In economics, the bottom of the pyramid is the largest, but poorest sociology-economic group. In global terms, this is the 2.5 billion people who live on less than $2.50 per day. The phrase

Top-down and bottom-up are strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering, mostly involving software, but also other humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics). In practice, they can be seen as a style of thinking and teaching.

When the net of the company grows. This is usually observed during a financial analysis and is useful during that time.

In contrast to top down budgeting, all of the budgets that are previously prepared by managers of departments are made into one for the needs of the entire company.

Refer to engineering cost estimate.

The revenue forecast for each product is combined to compensate and try to foresee the forecast for the entire company.

An investment approach that de-emphasizes the significance of economic and market cycles. This approach focuses on the analysis of individual stocks. In bottom-up investing, therefore, the investor focuses his or her attention on a specific company rather than on the industry in which that company operates or on the economy as a whole.

Strategy used in corporate planning whereby information is gathered from sales personnel, product managers, advertising personnel, and other members working in the organizational unit to set goals and create a marketing plan. Bottom-up planning is considered good for morale because it fosters employees to participation in corporate planning. However, the strategy is sometimes difficult to coordinate because many different assumptions about the same concept must be considered. For example, there may be conflicting ideas about the impact of advertising on the sales of a particular product, making the establishment of a consistent and integrated plan quite difficult.

The top-down investor starts his analysis with global economics, including both international and national economic indicators, such as GDP growth rates, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, productivity, and energy prices. He narrows his search down to regional/industry analysis of total sales, price levels, the effects of competing products, foreign competition, and entry or exit from the industry. Only then he narrows his search to the best business in that area.

Low-lying land, typically by a river.

A bottomry, or bottomage, is when the master of a ship borrows money upon the bottom or keel of it, so as to forfeit the ship itself to the creditor, if the money is not paid at the time appointed with interest at the ship’s safe return.

Bottomry bond is a contract where the ship and cargo is given security in an emergent situation to raise loan for the sake of completing the voyage. The bond is executed by the master of the ship in such an emergency is called a bottomry bond. he money borrowed under this contract is repaid when the ship arrive in the port of destination safely. However if ship sunk during the remaining course of voyage, the amount borrowed is not paid. However, if load is taken by the security of cargo, it is called Respondentia Bond.

Another word to describe botulinus toxin.

The degree of heat required to ensure destruction of (virtually) all spores of Clostridium botulinum, the causative organism of botulism, which are the most resistant of bacterial spores.

Botulinum toxin is a protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and is considered the most powerful neurotoxin ever discovered. Botulinum toxin causes Botulism poisoning, a serious and life-threatening illness in humans and animals.

Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. The bacteria may enter the body through wounds, or they may live in improperly canned or preserved food. Clostridium botulinum is found in soil and untreated water throughout the world. It produces spores that survive in improperly preserved or canned food, where they produce toxin. When eaten, even tiny amounts of this toxin can lead to severe poisoning. The foods most commonly contaminated are home-canned vegetables, cured pork and ham, smoked or raw fish, and honey or corn syrup. Botulism may also occur if the organism enters open wounds and produces toxin there.

Obtain in exchange for payment: “find some money to buy a house”; “he bought me a new dress”.

Occurs when an underwriter, such as an investment bank or a syndicate, purchases securities from an issuer before a preliminary prospectus is filed. The investment bank (or underwriter) acts as principal rather than agent and thus actually “goes long” in the security. The bank negotiates a price with the issuer (usually at a discount to the current market price, if applicable).